@parkingmeter said in Fresh install on a pi b3+ fails to start emulationstation:

Are some resolutions not supported? What else would cause this to work on some screens but not others?

It depends on the list of resolutions reported by the display, but for a TV the usual NTSC/PAL 'resolution' are usually supported by it and by the Pi. A Pi 3b+ supports up to 1080p, if your display doesn't offer anything less (i.e. 4k only) then it's not going to work.
If you run from the terminal, after the error is shown, the command:

tvservice -m CEA tvservice -m DMT

what's the output ?